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class="banner"></a>   <div id="2kqiqk8" class="news_mian"> <h1><span id="ycTitle"></span>2020一級造價土木建筑技術與計量知識點：平屋頂?shù)臉嬙?/h1> <div id="2kqiqk8" class="mark"> <div id="2kqiqk8" class="lTxt"> <span id="2kqiqk8" class="time">2020-04-15 09:35</span> <span id="2kqiqk8" class="source">來源：<a href="http://m.tasensoftware.com" title="建設工程教育網">建設工程教育網</a></span> </div> <a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_self" class="collection li-an"></a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_self" class="print" onclick="javascript:window.print()">打印</a> <div id="2kqiqk8" class="font_size">字體：<a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_self" class="big">大</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_self" class="small">小</a></div> </div> </div>   <div id="2kqiqk8" class="news_con"> <div id="2kqiqk8" class="jxbox clearfix"> <p>　　2020年一級造價工程師考試備考已經開始!每天記憶幾個知識點，積少成多，2020年一級造價工程師考試你一定可以的!下面是一級造價工程師土木建筑工程技術與計量知識點：平屋頂?shù)臉嬙臁?/p><p>　　<strong>(1)平屋頂排水</strong></p><p>　　1)平屋頂起坡方式。要使屋面排水通暢，平屋頂應設置不小于1%的屋面坡度。形成這種坡度的方法有兩種：第一是材料找坡，也稱墊坡。這種找坡法是把屋頂板平置，屋面坡度由鋪設在屋面板上的厚度有變化的找坡層形成。設有保溫層時，利用屋面保溫層找坡;沒有保溫層時，利用屋面找平層找坡。找坡層的厚度最薄處不小于20mm，平屋頂材料找坡的坡度宜為2%。第二種方法是結構起坡，也稱擱置起坡。把頂層墻體或圈梁、大梁等結構構件上表面做成一定坡度，屋面板依勢鋪設形成坡度，平屋頂結構找坡的坡度宜為3%。</p><p>　　2)平屋頂排水方式。可分為有組織排水和無組織排水兩種方式。有組織排水時，宜采用雨水收集系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　高層建筑屋面宜采用內排水;多層建筑屋面宜采用有組織外排水;低層建筑及檐高小于10m的屋面，可采用無組織排水。多跨及匯水面積較大的屋面宜采用天溝排水，天溝找坡較長時，宜采用中間內排水和兩端外排水。</p><p>　　3)屋面落水管的布置。屋面落水管的布置量與屋面集水面積大小、每小時最大降雨量、排水管管徑等因素有關。</p><p>　　<strong>(2)平屋頂柔性防水及構造</strong></p><p>　　1)找平層</p><p>　　保溫層上的找平層應留設分隔縫，縫寬宜為5～20mm，縱橫縫的間距不宜大于6m。基層轉角處應抹成圓弧形，其半徑不小于50mm。找平層表面平整度的允許偏差為5mm。分格縫處應鋪設帶胎體增強材料的空鋪附加層，其寬度為200～300mm。</p><p>　　2)結合層</p><p>　　3)卷材防水屋面</p><p>　　為了防止屋面防水層出現(xiàn)龜裂現(xiàn)象，一是阻斷來自室內的水蒸氣，構造上常采取在屋面結構層上的找平層表面做隔汽層，阻斷水蒸氣向上滲透;二是在屋面防水層下保溫層內設排汽通道，并使通道開口露出屋面防水層，使防水層下水蒸氣能直接從透氣孔排出。</p><p>　　4)涂膜防水屋面</p><p>　　按防水層和隔熱層的上下設置關系可分為正置式屋面和倒置式屋面。</p><p>　　正置式屋面(傳統(tǒng)屋面構造做法)，其構造一般為隔熱保溫層在防水層的下面。</p><p>　　倒置式做法即把傳統(tǒng)屋面中防水層和隔熱層的層次顛倒一下，防水層在下面，保溫隔熱層在上面。</p><p>　　與傳統(tǒng)施工法相比該工法能使防水層無熱脹冷縮現(xiàn)象，延長了防水層的使用壽命；同時保溫層對防水層提供一層物理性保護，防止其受到外力破壞。</p><p>　　5)復合防水屋面</p><p>　　由彼此相容的卷材和涂料組合而成的防水層叫復合防水層。</p><p>　　6)保護層</p><p>　　保護層是防水層上表面的構造層。它可以防止太陽光的輻射而致防水層過早老化。</p><p>　　采用塊體材料做保護層時，宜設分隔縫，其縱橫間距不宜大于10m，分隔縫寬度宜為20mm，并用密封材料嵌填。</p><p>　　7)平屋頂防水細部構造。屋面細部構造應包括檐口、檐溝和天溝、女兒墻和山墻、水落口、變形縫等，防水屋面必須特別注意各個節(jié)點的構造處理。</p><p>　　①檐口</p><p>　　卷材防水屋面檐口800mm范圍內的應滿粘。</p><p>　　②檐溝和天溝。卷材或涂膜防水屋面檐溝和天溝的防水層下應增設附加層，附加層伸入屋面的寬度不應小于250mm。檐溝防水層和附加層應由溝底翻上至外側頂部，卷材收頭應用金屬壓條釘壓，并應用密封材料封嚴，涂膜收頭應用防水涂料多遍涂刷。槽溝外側下端也應做鷹嘴和滴水槽。檐溝外側高于屋面結構板時，應設置溢水口。</p><p>　　③女兒墻。女兒墻壓頂可采用混凝土或金屬制品。壓頂向內排水坡度不應小于5%，壓頂內側下端應作滴水處理。女兒墻泛水處的防水層下應增設附加層，附加層在平面和立面的寬度均不應小于250mm。低女兒墻泛水處的防水層可直接鋪貼或涂刷至壓頂下，卷材收頭應用金屬壓條釘壓固定，并應用密封材料封嚴;涂膜收頭應用防水涂料多遍涂刷。高女兒墻泛水處的防水層泛水高度不應小于250mm，泛水上部的墻體應做防水處理。</p><p>　　女兒墻泛水處的防水層并入防水層工程量中，搭接、附加層的工程量不計入。</p><p>　　<strong>(3)平屋頂?shù)谋亍⒏魺?/strong></p><p>　　把保溫層分為板狀材料、纖維材料、整體材料三種類型，隔熱層分為種植、架空、蓄水三種形式。保溫材料使用時的含水率，應相當于該材料在當?shù)刈匀伙L干狀態(tài)下的平衡含水率。</p><p>　　1)平屋頂?shù)墓?jié)能措施</p><p>　　①屋頂?shù)谋亍⒏魺嵋髴稀段蓓敼こ碳夹g規(guī)范》(GB 50345)的規(guī)定。</p><p>　　②平屋頂保溫層的構造方式有正置式和倒置式兩種，在可能條件下平屋頂應優(yōu)先選用倒置式保溫。倒置式屋頂是將傳統(tǒng)屋頂構造中保溫隔熱層與防水層的位置“顛倒”，將保溫隔熱層設置在防水層之上。倒置式屋頂可以減輕太陽輻射和室外高溫對屋頂防水層不利影響，提高防水層的使用年限。</p><p>　　③平屋頂均可在屋頂設置架空通風隔熱層或布置屋頂綠化，以提高屋頂?shù)耐L和隔熱效果。</p><p>　　④在室內空氣濕度常年大于80%的地區(qū)，吸濕性保溫材料不宜用于封閉式保溫層，當需要采用時，應選用氣密性、水密性好的防水卷材或防水涂料做隔汽層。</p><p>　　2)平屋頂?shù)谋夭牧?/p><p>　　平屋頂?shù)怪檬奖夭牧峡刹捎茫簲D塑聚苯板、泡沫玻璃保溫板等。</p><p>　　平屋頂正置式保溫材料可采用：膨脹聚苯板、擠塑聚苯板、硬泡聚氨酯、石膏玻璃棉板、水泥聚苯板、加氣混凝土等。</p><p>　　3)平屋頂?shù)膸追N節(jié)能構造做法</p><p>　　①高效保溫材料節(jié)能屋頂構造</p><p>　　這種屋頂保溫層選用高效輕質的保溫材料，保溫層為實鋪。</p><p>　　②架空型保溫節(jié)能屋頂構造</p><p>　　在屋頂內增加空氣層有利于提高保溫效果，同時也有利于改善屋頂夏季的隔熱。架空層的常見做法是砌2～3塊實心黏土磚的磚墩，上鋪鋼筋混凝土板，架空層內鋪輕質保溫材料。</p><p>　　架空隔熱層宜在屋頂有良好通風的建筑物上采用，不宜在寒冷地區(qū)采用。當采用混凝土板架空隔熱層時，屋面坡度不宜大于5%。架空隔熱制品及其支座的質量應符合國家現(xiàn)行有關材料標準規(guī)。架空隔熱層的高度宜為180mm～300mm，架空板與女兒墻的距離不應小于250mm。當屋面寬度大于10m時，架空隔熱層中部應設置通風屋脊。架空隔熱層的進風口宜設置在當?shù)匮谉峒竟?jié)最大頻率風向的正壓區(qū)，出風口宜設置在負壓區(qū)。</p><p>　　該知識點詳解歡迎學習建設工程教育網2020年一級造價工程師技術與計量(土木建筑工程)教材精講課程。</p> <div style="text-align: right;" id="ycFoot"></div> </div> </div> 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